The quest to catalogue Australia's insect biodiversity using AI technology
/To be clear, this wasp has actually only ever been seen once.
So, it does seem a little futile to be scouring the side of the mountains in Namadgi National Park looking for a very particular, very small insect.
But that's what insect scientist Dr Juanita Rodriguez and her team from CSIRO and the Australian National Insect Collection are doing.
"It's called Epipompilus namadgi," she says across the hillside on Ngunnawal country in the Australian Capital Territory.
"It's about one centimetre long, then the legs are reddish, and the forelegs are kind of enlarged, like kind of muscly."
But this spider wasp is very rare; it was scientifically identified from a single specimen that was discovered in 2018.
That means only one individual has ever been found.
"This area of the park hadn't been burnt for a while, they hadn't even done prescribed burns. It was very pristine," Dr Rodriguez says.
"So we decided to come here and collect.
"And we found a specimen that looked nothing like the other ones that had been described before.
"So we named it Epipompilus namadgi, based on the name of the national park."
But that individual was collected just before the fires burnt almost 80 per cent of Namadgi in Black Summer.
The fire roared through the area where the spider wasp was found, leaving swathes of trees still standing as sticks across the hills on all sides.
Now scientists are looking for the spider wasp, hoping it has survived the fires; hoping that one specimen was not the first, and the last, Namadgi spider wasp to be seen by modern scientists.
On the hunt to discover how many insects we have
Insects play a vital role in our ecosystems.
But they are declining around the globe at an alarming rate, so it's vital that scientists catalogue how many insects we have so they know how many, like the spider wasp, we've potentially lost.
Using tent-like traps stretched between trees, and sweeping huge insect nets across the grass, the scientists collect hundreds of tiny insects, midges, flies, moths and wasps, along with a plethora of mosquitoes that took their last buzzes into an instantaneous ethanol death.
Bryan Lessard points to one of the delicate mozzies, sodden but preserved in the alcohol.
"This one is particularly interesting to me," Dr Lessard says, knowing full well that every single mozzie and fly in the tray is of particular interest to him.
"There's 400 mosquitoes in Australia. But only half of them have been named."
That many named species means there is an enormous amount of work ahead for taxonomists like Dr Lessard, who says it takes something like two years' work to name just one species.
"The reason why we know there's 200 undescribed [mosquitoes] is because there was a worker in the '80s called Pat Marks and she actually allocated all these new species, but passed before she could actually get around to naming them," he says.
Dr Elizabeth Nesta "Pat" Marks, AO, described 38 new species of mosquito across her career, an epic contribution to our knowledge of Australian insects.
"So my work is kind of picking up where Pat left off to name these species," Dr Lessard says.
"But of course, in 40 years technology has changed. And now we're able to get DNA out of our museum collection.
"And if we could tell that to Pat in the '80s, that we can use DNA to confirm her new species, she would be blown away.
"It's kind of going back to the future almost."
And that's not the only thing that Pat would be surprised and delighted by.
Inside Australia's insect collection
Inside the corridors of the National Insect Collection headquarters in Canberra, the air feels solid with the smell of naphthalene mothballs.
Dr Lessard walks through a room the size of a basketball court full of compactus, in turn full of lockers, which in turn are full of drawers, which are full of boxes.
Enclosed within this temperature-controlled environment of pins and ethanol, there are 12 million individual insects, forming a priceless (quite literally) record of Australia's biodiversity since colonisation.
One of the treasures in the collection is a small bug collected by Charles Darwin.
Each year, the collection grows by another 100,000 specimens.
"This is a group of flies called Boreoides," Dr Lessard says.
"The females are wingless so they're quite distinctive. There's three species known in this group, but in the past five years we've discovered 23 new ones.
"No-one's actually worked on the group for 100 years. And look how big these flies are; they're quite obvious.
"It's surprising no-one's taken the time to actually look at them."
But time is something that's not on the side of the taxonomist.
'These images unlock our collections'
A legend of the field like Pat Marks got to name 38 species of mozzie in her career, so to deal with this sort of scale of data available to them today, the scientists are going to need some help.
Dr Lessard walks through a labyrinth of ticks, ants, butterflies and katydids to a tiny room full of cameras, computers, and intensely concentrating scientists.
This is the high-resolution stack imaging system that the CSIRO is using to digitise the National Insect Collection.
By taking hundreds of images at different focal lengths, this set-up produces astonishing resolution images of the specimens, showing their tiny details, which are imperative to identifying their species.
"Digitising isn't new. It's been around for a few decades. But the fact that we can produce these quality images with so many specimens — that's quite novel," Dr Lessard says.
"These images essentially unlock our collections. And anyone in the world can access our specimens from a computer.
"We're aiming at imaging all of our specimens in the collection. And because there's so many, we physically can't look at them ourselves.
"So we're feeding them into artificial intelligence programs to rapidly identify them for us."
At this stage, like first-time parents, the scientists are teaching the algorithm how to behave.
"I take this specimen and the first thing that we need to do is teach the machine what each feature is," says Dr Rodriguez, sitting in front of a bank of monitors.
"So I go ahead and label it, kind of like drawing around it with a pencil. I tell the computer this is an antennae. And I have to do that for many, many specimens.
As the scientists trace more and more antennae, the machine learns to identify antennae, to identify sections of carapace, to count hairs and measure sizes.
And in this way, the machine will then be able to flag what it thinks the specimen may be — whether that be a known species, or something new.
"It's something that would take us days because we would have to look down into the microscope, use the scale bar to measure each antennae [and] write it all down on a table," Dr Rodriguez says.
"[Whereas] the computer will do it automatically for us, instantaneously.
"This could make species discovery much quicker. And that will really speed up our knowledge on insect diversity.
'And also we're using AI not only to discover the species that we haven't described, but also to be able to identify the ones that have a name already on them.
"Our collection is like a library of life. So it has to be a good reference library."
And the Namadgi spider wasp?
One thing the technology can't do (yet) is walk the sides of the mountains at Namadgi.
Despite all the preparation and catching literally hundreds of insects for the National Collection on this trip, there was no sign of the Namagdi spider wasp in the hills.
"We know so little about it; maybe it's something really simple, like we're here at the wrong time of year," Dr Rodriguez says.
"So, we'll just have to keep on searching."
Find out more about how technology is helping conservation efforts around Australia by watching Catalyst at 8:30pm on ABC TV, or catch up later on iview.